The anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are highly toxic to the hepatocyte and cause significant damage, both to the structure and function of the hepatic parenchyma. Especially the hepatotoxic 17 alkylated orals, which significantly disrupt the excretory function of the organ. Alkylation
Before the beginning of a cycle, it is necessary for the steroid user, to undergo specific laboratory tests, in order to evaluate his general health condition. Adverse effects and possible tissue damage is dependent on various parameters, such as age,
1) HGH (GROWTH HORMONE-SOMATOTROPIN): – acromegaly (arthritis, fatigue fractures) – diabetes mellitus type II (non insulin dependent), hypothyroidism – cardiomegaly (chronic abuse) => increased rate of cardiovascular disease and progressive heart failure – carpal tunnel syndrome – obstructive sleep apnea
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: – Reduction of HDL, increased LDL/TC => atheromatic index distortion (> 5) => increased risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) – Cardiomegaly & Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (larger left ventricular mass, left ventricular index and interventricular septum thicknesses) =>
Homocysteine (Hcy) is a sulfur amino acid, which is biosynthesized during the metabolism of methionine to cysteine mainly involving the B complex vitamins. It is a toxic residue of the metabolism, linked to cardiovascular disease, when accumulated. Hyperhomocysteinemia induces endothelial
In men, there is a homeostatic mechanism that interacts between hypothalamus-pituitary-testicles the Hypothalamic Pituitary Testicular Axis (HPTA), which is regulated interactively. Hypothalamus interacts with hypophysis, the pituitary gland located at the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone and gonads (testicles),
HPTA is a homeostatic mechanism, providing balance. The administration of exogenous steroid hormones will suppress HPTA’s function, hence the endogenous hormone production. Time and dose of AAS abuse will result in testicular shrinkage eventually; this is a typical homeostatic mechanism,
As we age, our hormonal profile corresponds to the process of ageing. In both sexes, steroid hormones, androgens and estrogens are reduced and the typical midlife crisis exists, menopause and andropause. After the age of 35, the average age-related reduction
Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are an important component of the treatment of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer in females. At the same time, they are necessary to prevent aromatization (estrogenic activity) caused by androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS). The first class of anti-estrogenic
Estrogens directly affect a wide range of bodily functions, with positive and negative effects depending on the targeted organ. Estrogen receptors exist in various organs, including the anterior and posterior segment of the eye and lacrimal gland. Thus, changes in