Homocysteine (Hcy) is a sulfur amino acid, which is biosynthesized during the metabolism of methionine to cysteine mainly involving the B complex vitamins. It is a toxic residue of the metabolism, linked to cardiovascular disease, when accumulated. Hyperhomocysteinemia induces endothelial
In men, there is a homeostatic mechanism that interacts between hypothalamus-pituitary-testicles the Hypothalamic Pituitary Testicular Axis (HPTA), which is regulated interactively. Hypothalamus interacts with hypophysis, the pituitary gland located at the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone and gonads (testicles),
HPTA is a homeostatic mechanism, providing balance. The administration of exogenous steroid hormones will suppress HPTA’s function, hence the endogenous hormone production. Time and dose of AAS abuse will result in testicular shrinkage eventually; this is a typical homeostatic mechanism,
As we age, our hormonal profile corresponds to the process of ageing. In both sexes, steroid hormones, androgens and estrogens are reduced and the typical midlife crisis exists, menopause and andropause. After the age of 35, the average age-related reduction
Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are an important component of the treatment of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer in females. At the same time, they are necessary to prevent aromatization (estrogenic activity) caused by androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS). The first class of anti-estrogenic
Estrogens directly affect a wide range of bodily functions, with positive and negative effects depending on the targeted organ. Estrogen receptors exist in various organs, including the anterior and posterior segment of the eye and lacrimal gland. Thus, changes in
By the term gynecomastia, we mean the accumulation of adipose tissue beneath the mammary gland, leading to breast tenderness and enlargement in the male. This term is often used by bodybuilders, due to accumulated estrogens under the nipple (areola). Estrogen levels
The presence of estrogens is beneficial for the atherosclerotic profile. This is the reason why women have lower mortality in heart attacks. Therefore, the lowest estrogens one has, the worse the ratio of HDL/LDL is. On the other hand, too
After the end of an anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) cycle, the steroid user should estimate the half life of the particular esters he used. This will define the correct timing of drug clearance in the system. Depending on the slow
Diuretics are drugs increasing urine output by the kidney, thus prescribed against hypertension, left heart failure and pulmonary or systemic edema. Furosemide is a powerful diuretic, available both in injectable and per os form. Furosemide is of immediate action and